Dowa Mining patent on Tin-C composite coatings

Factiva: "There is provided a tin-plated product which has a small deterioration of contact resistance with age, an excellent wear resistance and a low coefficient of friction. A coating of a composite material, which contains 0.1 to 1.0 wt % of carbon particles dispersed in a tin layer and which has a thickness of 0.5 to 10.0 ?m, preferably 1.0 to 5.0 ?m, is formed as the outermost layer of a substrate"

Chemtura Corporation - Tin Stabilizers

Chemtura Corporation: "ChemturaVinyl Additives offers a broad line of MARK tin (organotin) stabilizers including butyl tin, octyl tin and methyl tin mercaptides, and butyl tin carboxylate and octyl tin maleate heat stabilizers for use in rigid, flexible and plasitcized PVC. Heat stabilizers meeting FDA food contact regulations are included in the line. Organo tin stabilizers provide protection during calendering, extrusion and injection molding of rigid PVC. Further tin stabilizers provide good initial color, and good long term heat stability."

Nokia Unveils 'Tin Can and String' Network

The Enduring Vision: "Taking a cue from the success of Motorola's '2-Way', a 'walkie-talkie for the 21st century', competitor Nokia has announced its immediate release of a hip throwback to childhood: 'Tin Can and String'. Nokia hopes to move the network outside its test area of Waucoma, Iowa, to the rest of the nation by the end of the year.

Though that goal may seem ambitious given the product's youth, Nokia spokesman Ulrich Thornton seemed confident the company could meet the date, especially given the device's 'impressive functions'."

Preparation of tin nanocomposite as anode material by molten salts method and its appli

Scopus: "Ananocomposite material (SnO2-Co3O4) has been synthesized as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries by the molten salt method. Characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the composite has a small particle size.

The electrochemical performance was examined, including the charge-discharge and cycling properties. The experimental results showed that the sample containing the highest amount of Co3O4 compound exhibited a specific capacity of 355 mAh g-1 after 40 cycles, with cycling at 70mA g -1 (35.2% higher than for the sample containing a lower amount of Co3O4).

It seems that increasing the amount of Co 3O4 can give good capacity retention and high specific capacity."

Codeposition of copper and tin from acid sulphate solutions containing polyether sintanol DS-10 and benz

Scopus: "Cu(II) and Sn(II) reduction in acid sulphate solutions containing polyether laprol DS-10 and benzaldehyde (BA) was studied by means of impedance, voltammetric, XPS and XRD techniques. Both additives demonstrate weak surface activity on copper substrate in Cu(II) solutions in the absence of halide impurities. In contrast, their effect is overwhelmingly higher in the Sn|Sn(II) system. The additives induce a significant increase in Sn-electrode impedance and simultaneous strong inhibition of Sn(II) reduction over a wide range of cathodic polarizations."

Scopus - Natural occurring substances as corrosion inhibitors for tin in sodium bicarbonate solutions

Scopus: "The inhibitive action of the aqueous extract of lawsonia, licorice root and carob toward the corrosion of tin electrode in 0.1 M NaHCO3 solutions was investigated using galvanostatic polarization measurements.

It was found that the corrosion rate decreases in the presence of these extracts indicating the inhibiting of these compounds. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing extract concentration. The inhibition action of these extracts was explained in view of adsorption of its compounds onto the tin surface, making a barrier to mass and charge transfer. The adsorption of these extracts on the tin surface was found to be a spontaneous process and follow Freundlich adsorption isotherm. It is also found that these extracts provide a good protection to tin against pitting corrosion in chloride containing solution using potentiodynamic anodic polarization technique."

Protection of Electroplating tin from acidic sulfate baths containing benzaldehyde

Scopus: "Voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used in studying the kinetics of electroplating tin from 0.01 M Sn(II) baths containing 1 M H2SO4 and millimolar benzaldehyde (BA) additives. BA substantially decreases the reduction rate of Sn(II) in a broad range of cathodic polarization. Experimental EIS data are analyzed in terms of an equivalent Rω(Qdl[RaCaW a][RctQd]) circuit, including a Faraday process impedance ([RctQd] subcircuit), as well as diffusion and kinetic stages of BA adsorption ([RaCaWa] subcircuit). Values of the subcircuit elements are found to depend on the duration of a contact between the electrode and solution and on the BA concentration. An increase in the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and a simultaneous decrease in the double layer capacitance (Qdl) indicate that the electrochemical reduction of Sn(II) is inhibited by the BA adsorption. With an increase in the cathodic polarization, the effect becomes more pronounced, which is manifested in the low current densities and negative impedance values."

Tourmaline of the Mramorny tin cluster, Chukotka peninsula, Russia

Scopus: "Porphyry-related deposits are the fourth type of tin deposits in importance after pegmatite, greisen and granite-related hydrothermal veins. We have studied tourmalines and associated minerals from the several porphyry-tin occurrences related to rhyolite dikes in the Mramorny tin cluster, located in Chukotka, the second large tin province in Russia after the Far East province. Two types of tourmaline were identified in the occurrences of the Mramorny tin cluster: (1) early pre-ore tourmaline, and (2) ore-stage tourmaline, which is associated with chamosite. The early-stage tourmaline can be classed as an intermediate member of the schorl-foitite and 'oxy-schorl' - 'oxy-foitite' series. Its compositions are characterized by their values of X-site vacancy and Fetot/(Fetot Mg) ranging from 0.147 to 0.665 apfu and from 0.85 to 1.00, respectively. The ratio Fe 3 /Fetot in the tourmaline is about 19-25%. The ore-stage tourmaline is characterized by a more complex composition distinguished by lower values of X-site vacancy and Fetot/(Fetot Mg), ranging from 0.018 to 0.437 apfu and from 0.49 to 0.75,"

Effect of tin on the corrosion behavior of low-alloy steel in an acid chloride solution

Scopus: "This study examined the effect of Sn addition ranging from 0 to 0.1 wt.% on the electrochemical properties of low-alloy steel using electrochemical techniques in an acid chloride solution and surface analysis techniques.

The potentiodynamic test showed the active corrosion behavior of all specimens and the corrosion rate decreased with increasing Sn addition. EIS showed that the Sn-containing steels had higher rust layer resistance. These results confirmed that the interaction of Sn with Cu and Sb improves the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steel due to the formation of the continuous tin oxide, copper oxide and antimony oxide layer."

Effect of pH value on electrochemical property of tin compounds loaded graphite anodes for Li-ion battery ap

Scopus: "A chemical solution method was adopted to prepare Sn compounds loaded graphite anodes with various pH values. When the pH value was 6, multi-phase of Sn compounds were deposited on slices of graphite.

The multi-phase compound which contained Sn6O4(OH)4, SnO2, Sn3(PO4)2, and graphite were expected to provide a higher ratio of spectator/Sn for improved cyclability. These phases could be reduced to metallic Sn generating buffer matrix during 1st cycle. The sample pH 6 exhibited the best electrochemical property among all. During cycling between 0.001 and 1.5 V, the 1st charge capacity was around 758 mAh g-1. Even after 50 cycles, the capacity remained higher than 460 mAh g-1.

It was demonstrated that multi-phase of Sn compounds loaded graphite anode of sample pH 6 exhibited a better cycling performance than the commercial graphite"

Influence of alkali ion doping on the electrochemical performances of tin-based composite materials

Scopus: "In this paper, we report an investigation of three tin-based composite materials as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Theses composites were synthesized by solid state reaction from dispersion of micrometric tin into BPO4, Li-doped BPO4 (LiBPO) and Na-substituted BPO4 (NaBPO) matrix, respectively. We have investigated more particularly the influence of the two alkaline ions (Li , Na ) introduced into the matrix on electrochemical performances. The morphology of powders was observed by SEM and the composition studied by EDX analysis. The conductivity measurements showed that the modified BPO4 matrixes (Li or Na) exhibit improved conductivity (σRT = 2 10-11 S cm-1 for NaBPO). A focus of our interest was to relate the nature and structural composition of the composite interface between active tin and inactive matrix to the irreversible capacity in this type of composite materials.

The electrochemical analysis shows a decrease of the irreversible capacity for the composite based on modified matrixes (around 150 and 190 mAh g-1 for SnNaBPO and SnLiBPO, respectively) with respect to the reference composite SnBPO (245 mAh g-1)"

Halogen-free materials with improved thermal and electrical properties

Scopus: "The purpose of this paper is to present a latest update on halogen-free base materials that are lead-free compatible and have enhanced electrical properties.

Design/methodology/approach - Numerous halogen-free flame retardants are screened in laboratory conditions for a wide arrange of properties. Once suitable candidates are found, they are compounded and processed into copper-clad laminates and a wide variety of properties are tested.

Findings - Several formulations are found that are lead-free compatible and that has enhanced electrical properties. Surprisingly, some thermal properties are found to be superior to traditionally halogenated laminates.

Research limitations/implications - The research here only presents the halogen-free properties of a bare, unpopulated printed wiring board with no build up of inner layers and devoid of solder mask. Further work needs to be done on full circuit assemblies to properly evaluate the impact of removing halogens from interconnecting packages. Originality/value - The paper details the material property differences between various halogen-free materials as compared to halogenated materials. A method to model composite properties is also discussed"

Generation of tin (II) oxide crystals on lead-free solder joints in deionized water

Scopus: "The effect of the anode and cathode on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of lead-free Sn-Ag-Cu and Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi solder joints in deionized water was investigated. Corrosion studies revealed that SnO crystals were generated on all Sn-based solder joints.

The alloy elements, such as Ag, Cu and Bi, acting as the anodes, did not affect the corrosion reaction significantly. It was necessary for the reaction to occur with Au or Cu, or other metals as the cathode, whose material variety did not affect the reaction. But corrosion reaction rate was decreased with the decreasing cathode area. The results analysis indicated that the formation mechanism of SnO crystal was primary cell reaction essentially.

The anodic reaction of tin in solder joints occurred through water molecules solvation to form the hydrated cation. The cathodic reaction process was that oxygen dissolved in deionized water captures electrons and is deoxidized to hydroxyl. Anodic reaction products Sn2 and cathodic reaction products OH- met to form Sn(OH)2 by diffusion. Some Sn(OH)2 would dehydrate to form more steady SnOxH2O crystals and deposit on the solder joints."

Old ’silver’ dental fillings not as toxic as previously thought

taragana.com: "Old ’silver’ dental fillings, also called amalgams, may not be as toxic as many people fear, according to a new study.


The study that examined the surface chemistry of silver-coloured, mercury-based dental fillings suggests that the surface forms of mercury may be less toxic than previously thought.

In the study, Graham George and colleagues note that mercury-based fillings have been used by dentists to repair teeth for well-over a century.

In recent decades their use has become controversial because of concerns about exposure to potentially toxic mercury.

However, mercury can potentially exist in several different chemical forms, each with a different toxicity."