The Pewterer

The Pewterer: "Welcome to the first edition of The Pewterer, an e-magazine devoted to pewter and published by the Worshipful Company of Pewterers.�We have articles on: Pewter Collecting and the Smith Museum; AE Williams and Kirstie Allsop; Tin; a brief history of Wentworths; the decline of the Company’s powers of search; and more."

Fuel Treatments using metals

SFA International - Products: "FuelSpec 120 and 130 series deposit modifiers, corrosion and vanadium inhibitors used in Combustion Turbines that utilize ash-bearing liquid petroleum fuels for industrial power generation."

Metal combustion catalysts

Fuel Treatments: "Several metals catalyze combustion of petroleum fuels. These include iron, manganese, copper, barium and cerium. Iron is the best choice for combustion turbine applications. SFA International manufactures FuelSpec 116 series ferric carboxylate salt available in up to 9% Fe concentration. We also have FuelSpec 118 series oil-miscible colloidal dispersion of iron with up to 18% Fe concentration. Both of these products meet combustion turbine manufacturer contaminant metal requirements."

Metal oxide nanoparticles induce varying toxic footprints

Metal oxide nanoparticles induce varying toxic footprints: "Different metal oxide nanoparticles appear to produce distinct inflammatory reactions that vary over time within the lungs of laboratory rats, UK researchers report. The results have important implications for nanoparticle testing, says Ken Donaldson of the Centre for Inflammation Research at Edinburgh University. The work sought to examine the hazards of well-characterised metal oxide nanoparticles and other nanoparticles that are widely used in..."

COPATIN Water pipes

pdf flier

Rechargeable lithium sulfide electrode for a polymer tin/sulfur lithium-ion battery

Scopus: "In this work we investigate the electrochemical behavior of a new type of carbon-lithium sulfide composite electrode. Results based on cyclic voltammetry, charge (lithium removal)-discharge (lithium acceptance) demonstrate that this electrode has a good performance in terms of reversibility, cycle life and coulombic efficiency. XRD analysis performed in situ in a lithium cell shows that lithium sulfide can be converted into sulfur during charge and re-converted back into sulfide during the following discharge process.

We also show that this electrochemical process can be efficiently carried out in polymer electrolyte lithium cells and thus, that the Li2S-C composite can be successfully used as cathode for the development of novel types of rechargeable lithium-ion sulfur batteries where the reactive and unsafe lithium metal anode is replaced by a reliable, high capacity tin-carbon composite and the unstable organic electrolyte solution is replaced by a composite gel polymer membrane that is safe, highly conductive and able to control dendrite growth across the cell. This new Sn-C/Li2S polymer battery operates with a capacity of 600 mAh g-1 and with an average voltage of 2 V, this leading to a value of energy density amounting to 1200 Wh kg-"

Whisker formation on a thin film tin lithium-ion battery anode

Scopus: "Tin (Sn) is a candidate material for anodes (negative electrodes) of lithium-ion batteries because of its high theoretical energy capacity. In this paper, we report an observation of Sn-whisker growth on Sn-thin films after lithiation and delithiation. The compressive stress generated by electrochemical lithiation of the Sn-thin films is likely the driving force for the growth of the Sn whiskers. Attention should therefore be paid to the issue of Sn-whisker growth for Sn-based electrodes since Sn whiskers may penetrate through the separator, and short-circuit the electrochemical cell."

Yunnan Tin (000960.SZ) Jan-Sept net profit surged 214.75 pct to RMB276 mln

Yunnan Tin (000960.SZ) Jan-Sept net profit surged 214.75 pct to RMB276 mln: "The world's leading tin producer Ch ina Yunnan Tin Co., Ltd. (000960.SZ) saw a surge of 214.75 percent in its net profit in the first three quarters in 2010, thanks to the pric e hike of nonferrous metals, said the company in its latest financial statement on Tuesday night.

The Shenzhen-listed company registered a net profit of 276 milli on yuan with 0.3522 yuan of earnings per share (EPS) in the January-Se ptember period. The operating turnover in the corresponding period sto od at 6.89 billion yuan, up 32 percent year on year.

The company attributed the growth to the price hike of nonferrou s metals, which resulted in its increasing revenue."

Chemtura Price Increases

The cost of raw material tin continues to rise, driven by tight supply and strong demand. LME tin prices have increased by  nearly US$8,000/ton since August reaching now the range of US$24,000/ton. The company states it is their expectation that tin cost will continue to remain at high levels and with high volatility.

Due to the unpredictability of the tin cost development, the price validity of Chemtura Corporation's tin products is reduced to one month. The price and validity changes will be implemented effective October 1, 2010 (or as contracts allow).

Products affected by this price increase are the tetrabutyltin, mono- and di-butyl- and octyl-tin oxides as well as mono- and di-butyl- and octyl-tin chlorides, which are used amongst others in specialty applications like glass coating and catalyst applications.

Chemtura Corporation (199 Benson Road, Middlebury CT, 06749; Tel: 203-573-2000; www.chemtura.com)

Yunnan Tin to start up two subsidiaries in Germany

Yunnan Tin Co Ltd announced that its subsidiary Yuntinic Resources GmbH will invest two sums of EUR 500, 000 to set up two subsidiaries in Germany in order to expand its sales networks.

The two new companies, named Yuntinic Chemical GmbH and Yuntinic Additives GmbH, will engage in inorganic chemical sales and additive sales

Tin, Way Beyond Tin Plate

Tin, Way Beyond Tin Plate: "As a recent analyst report points out, every laptop contains on average 32g of solder, which is 96% tin. Every Blackberry contains 7g of solder. Tin is as important to electronics as rare earths or precious metals, both of which get much more press. Demand for tin in the electronics industry makes it an integral part of the modern digital age and yet until a year or two back many in the investment community still looked at tin as a product primarily for packing baked beans in."

Reading the analyst report linked above, with data taken from the ITRI one could be excused for thinking there are in excess of twenty new projects on the point of commercial realization.

But in reality nothing could be further from the truth. The majority of these, what the industry terms occurrences, are not definable resources. Even those 5 or 6 that have been defined according to accepted standards only 4 have anything like an economic future and three of those – 2 in Australia and 1 in Canada are low grade polymetallic reserves dependent on the co-economics of the other metals occurring. The table is potentially misleading in that we do not have security of future supply it suggests, almost certainly not for the volumes that will be demanded by our increasingly digitally reliant world. One of the oldest of metals used by man has one of the brightest investment futures, for anyone with their hands on quality supplies.

The ‘Magic’ of Tin

The ‘Magic’ of Tin: "Using funding from a 2003 Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration grant, Cizewski and her collaborators developed the technique that Jones applied to this study.

“The properties we’re studying in our experiment have parallels to the formation of elements heavier than iron in stars,” Cizewski said. “This form of tin may be formed in supernova explosions or collisions of neutron stars, and lies along the path to forming heavier elements.”

The knowledge gained using this neutron transfer process for research could also help investigators if rogue states or terrorists ever fabricate and detonate a nuclear weapon. It could help scientists read a bomb’s nuclear fission products like a fingerprint that could lead investigators to the suspected bomb builder."

Tin as a possible candidate for solar thermochemical redox process for hydrogen production

Scopus: "The feasibility to produce hydrogen in the Sn-H2>O/SnO 2>-C thermochemical water splitting redox process depends mainly on the efficiency of the tin hydrolysis step, which has not been studied adequately so far, while the cassererite carboreduction is implemented by industry for tin production.

The present work deals with the hydrolysis of different kinds of tin powders at different experimental conditions at moderate temperature range 180-620'C. In spite of the fact that the rate of hydrogen production is lower compared with other metals, e.g., zinc, at the same reactor temperature, high conversion level was obtained in a controllable reaction. Consequently, tin can be a relevant candidate for solar hydrogen production considering the advantage of significant lower temperatures required for the solar carboreduction of its oxide"

Vishnevetsky, I., Epstein, M.

Solar Research Facilities Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel

EPA Considering Ban on Traditional Ammunition and Bullets

� Daily Bulletin: "From the Nat’l Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF)
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Lisa Jackson, who was responsible for banning bear hunting in New Jersey, is now considering a petition by the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) — a leading anti-hunting organization — to ban all traditional ammunition under the Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976, a law in which Congress expressly exempted ammunition"

Beanz meanz a screw-top jar

Factiva: "FOR 115 years, Heinz have been serving up everybody's favourite snack in a tin.

But times change - and shoppers will soon find the brand's baked beans on sale in a plastic screw-top jar.

From September, beanz meanz a resealable fridge pack.

Unlike the traditional tins, the packs will allow people to spoon out as many beans as they like before screwing back the top and putting the rest in the fridge.

The 1kg packs hold the equivalent of more than two 415gram standard tins of baked beans.

They come with a see-through measure on one side so hungry snackers can see instantly how many beans are left.

The six-inch pack has been shaped so it will fit in a shelf in the fridge. The whole redesign is the result of intense research and consumer focus groups.

Heinz say shoppers prefer 'more flexibility'.

But never fear, the original tins will still be on sale too."

Lithium storage performance of electrodeposited tin coatings as electrode material for lithium-ion battery

Scopus: "The electrodeposited tin coatings as electrode material for lithium-ion batteries were prepared by electroplating using copper foil as substrate, and their properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive analysis, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. The results show that the morphologies of the tin coatings may be effectively changed by adjusting the electroplating time.

The Sn coating with porous network structure obtained by electroplating for 5 min shows large irreversible capacity and good electrochemical-cycling stability. The dense granular tin coatings obtained by electroplating for longer time display larger reversible lithium storage capacity, but the capacity decay occurs during the electrochemical cycling. For the dense granular tin coatings, smaller tin grain size improves the lithium storage performance. The dense granular tin coating with smaller grain size obtained by electroplating for 15 min presents reversible capacity of 400 mAh/g after 30 cycles."

Transparent conductor markets 2010: ITO and the alternatives

Factiva: "After years of playing second fiddle to indium tin oxide, ITO, alternative transparent conductors have reached their market takeoff point, according to NanoMarkets, an industry analyst firm that tracks the transparent conductor market. The report titled, Transparent Conductor Markets 2010: ITO and the Alternatives says that while alternative transparent conductors will account for just 5% of transparent conductor revenues in 2010, by 2015 that share will have grown to almost 20%. According to NanoMarkets latest projections, the entire transparent conductor market (including ITO) will be worth $5.6 bn in 2015. Thin-film photovoltaics (TFPV) manufacturers have moved away from ITO and won't be coming back. Other transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) will increasingly substitute for ITO in this application creating a cost-driven market for TCOs that was largely unanticipated a few years back. By 2015, NanoMarkets expects the non-ITO TCO market to reach $320 M, three times what it is today."

Manufacturers of thin-film silicon PV are expected to move away from ITO en masse as a way of keeping their panels competitive with other more efficient types of photovoltaics. Cambrios and Cima NanoTech have pioneered a new type of transparent conductive inks consisting of a suspension of silver nanowires. By 2015, NanoMarkets projections show transparent nanosilver inks producing $370 M in revenues making it the largest single category of alternative transparent conductor. While, alternatives to ITO will grow rapidly, NanoMarkets still expects ITO to dominate the transparent conductor market for years to come. Sales of ITO are expected to reach $4.5 bn by 2015. Initially, the use of ITO will be motivated by short-term concerns about disrupting existing processes or reduce existing economies of scale. However, increasingly ITO will be used only when the highest visual quality and brightness is required. In this new report NanoMarkets analyzes the transparent conductor market, covering ITO, ITO inks, other TCOs, organic conductors, transparent nanotube and graphene coatings and nano-metallic coatings. The report examines how each of these materials fits into the current and future requirements for a broad variety products including flat panel displays, e-paper and flexible displays, touch-screen displays, OLED lighting, thin-film and organic PV and EMI/RFI coatings. It includes eight-year volume and value forecasts of ITO and ITO alternatives as well as a discussion of strategies for market success in this market. Companies mentioned in this report include Agfa, AimCoreApple, and Applied Vacuum Coating.

Observation of shell effects in superconducting nanoparticles of Sn : Nature Materials

Nature Materials: "However, before the destruction of superconductivity, in Sn nanoparticles we observe giant oscillations in the superconducting energy gap with particle size leading to enhancements as large as 60%.

These oscillations are the first experimental proof of coherent shell effects in nanoscale superconductors. Contrarily, we observe no such oscillations in the gap for Pb nanoparticles, which is ascribed to the suppression of shell effects for shorter coherence lengths. Our study paves the way to exploit QSE in boosting superconductivity in low-dimensional systems."

Electrochemical characteristics of tin oxide-graphite as anode material for lithium-ion cells

Scopus: "Tin oxide anode materials used in lithium-ion cells experience large volume changes during charging and discharging which cause substantial losses in capacity. In this work, the tin oxide-graphite composite is proposed as an alternative anode material to overcome this problem.

The composite was synthesised from a solution of tin chloride dihydrate and graphite powders with citric acid as the chelating agent. In this sol-gel method, a solid phase is formed through a chemical reaction in a liquid phase at moderate temperature. The technique offers several advantages compared to the solid state synthesis technique such as the ability to maintain the homogeneous mixture of precursors during synthesis and to produce small particles.

The electrochemical behaviour of the anode material was investigated by means of galvanostatic charge discharge technique. An initial reversible capacity of 748 mAh/g is obtained and nearly 600 mAh/g was retained upon the reaching the fifth cycle. This study shows that the presence of graphite is able to minimise the agglomeration of tin particles that causes large volume changes during cycling, thereby improving cyclability of the anode material."

Hasanaly, S.M.

AMREC, SIRIM BERHAD, Kulim Hi-Tech. Park, Lot 34, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3, 09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia

Tin doping in spray pyrolysed indium sulfide thin films for solar cell applications

Scopus: "This paper presents studies carried out on tin-doped indium sulfide films prepared using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique. Effect of both in-situ and ex-situ doping were analyzed. Ex-situ doping was done by thermal diffusion, which was realized by annealing Sn/In2S3 bilayer films.

In-situ doping was accomplished by introducing Sn into the spray solution by using SnCl45H2O. Interestingly, it was noted that by ex-situ doping, conductivity of the sample enhanced considerably without affecting any of the physical properties such as crystallinity or band gap. Analysis also showed that higher percentage of doping resulted in samples with low crystallinity and negative photosensitivity.

In-situ doping resulted in amorphous films. In contrast to ex-situ doping, 'in- situ doping' resulted in widening of optical band gap through oxygen incorporation; also it gave highly photosensitive films."

A high-performance polymer tin sulfur lithium ion battery

Scopus: "A tin sulfur lithium ion battery has an energy density value of the order of 1000 Wh kg-1, which is five times higher than those of conventional batteries that containing intercalated materials (see picture). Replacement of the conventional liquid electrolyte with a polymer membrane brings improvements in the fabrication and safety of the battery"

Platinum / Tin Oxide – Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

Electrochem meetings: Preliminary analysis of the CVs and EOR support the findings of enhanced activity of the synthesized catalysts. The addition of tin and SWCNT to support platinum

shows promise as an ethanol oxidation catalyst and may be a feasible approach to increase the performance of DEFCs. However, further work is required to fully understand the catalytic effect on the ethanol oxidation reaction mechanism.

Zhongwei Chen*, Ryan S Hsu

Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute of

Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable

Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario,

Canada, N2L 3G1

Tin-based materials as negative electrodes for Li-ion batteries: Combinatorial approaches and mechanical methods

Scopus: "This paper presents a summary of tin-based materials as negative electrodes. After reviewing attempts to improve and understand the electrochemical behaviour of metallic tin and its oxides, the focus turns to alloys of tin with a transition metal (TM) and, optionally, carbon. To do so, a combinatorial sputtering technique was used to simultaneously prepare many different compositions of Sn-TM-based materials. The structural and electrochemical results of these samples are presented and they show that cobalt is the preferred TM to give optimal performance. Finally, a comparison of a Sn-Co-C negative electrode material prepared by a rapid quenching method (sputtering) with a material prepared by an economical milling method (mechanical attrition) is presented and discussed."

Metals From Waste, Lessons From the Past to Shape the Future

MetalMiner: "I was amazed by the resigned comments of US recyclers that it was simply uneconomic to recycle e-waste in the US and decided to take a look at the state of the art, because as the Bal Maidens demonstrate, time and technology do move on.

It turns out that China is publishing scientific paper after scientific paper on industrial scale e-waste reprocessing. Some of the techniques, such as the dis-assembly of printed circuit boards using ultrasound, are already operating at industrial scale. Others, like the use of super-critical methanol or water to boil the components off circuit boards, are still in R&D.

But there is a definite and conscious technological effort going on to recover as much of the metal from e-waste as economically possible. Judging by the science, the Chinese are having a great time mining these new deposits and are looking forward to the forecast increase in trade."

EUVA’s LPP Light Source Achieves Breakthrough 104W Power Output for EUV Lithography Tools

Nanotechnology: "The EUVA achieved its breakthrough 104 Watt power output at a conversion efficiency of 2.5% by having a CO2 laser of 7.9 kW radiated onto a Sn droplet target of 60 microns in diameter.

The organization plans to achieve greater gains in power output by increasing the CO2 laser output and enhancing the conversion efficiency, and has an aggressive roadmap to achieve the output power needed for EUV lithography systems geared toward volume production applications. Today's announced achievement was done in close cooperation with Komatsu Ltd., a member company of the EUVA. The EUV light sources that will leverage this technology will be marketed by Gigaphoton Inc., another member of the EUVA."

Tin colouring method

WO2010046656A1: "A method of colouring the surface of a tin-containing article is provided, the method comprising contacting at least a portion of the surface of the article with a solution comprising a thiosulphate, preferably under substantially neutral or acidic conditions.

In one embodiment, the solution contains sodium thiosulphate and citric acid and further comprises a copper salt, together with acetone and/or glycerol. The method is preferably conducted at elevated temperatures, in particular by heating the solution to a temperature of from 45 to 85 'C. The method is particularly suitable for the colouring of pewter articles, but may be applied to a wide range of tin-containing materials and tin alloys"

Chemtura Completes Sale of PVC Additives Business

Factiva: "Chemtura says it has completed the previously announced sale of its polyvinyl chloride (PVC) additives business to Artek Surfin Chemicals (Mumbai) and Aterian Investment Partners (New York). Artek and Aterian have named the PVC business Galata Chemicals. The PVC additives business develops, manufactures and sells tin stabilizers, liquid and solid mixed metals, liquid phosphite esters, epoxidized soybean oil, thiochemicals, organic-based stabilizers, and impact modifiers used primarily in PVC applications. The business has plants in North America and Europe, including two principal facilities at Taft, LA and Lampertheim, Germany."

Treatment of solar polycrystalline silicon in liquid tin

Scopus: "It is shown that the treatment of the p-typc polycrystalline silicon in liquid tin at ∼730 'C for 1-4 h considerably increases the lifetime of minority charge carriers"

Polystyrene-tin and polystyrene-tin oxide core-shell nanostructures for the assembly and integration of colloidal particles

Scopus: "Polystyrene-tin and polystyrene-tin oxide core-shell structures have been fabricated by a seeded chemical reduction method.

Polystyrene seeds were firstly synthesized by an emulsion polymerization process, and these micro- and submicron-sized particles were then treated with a thiol coupling agent. The reduction of tin ions (Sn2 ) was realized by a reducing agent of sodium borohydride in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant.

Shell formation was evident by particle growth, and also was confirmed by element analysis through energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that a thick and uniform coating was formed on the polystyrene colloidal particles. Either tin or tin oxide was coated on the polystyrene particle surfaces depending on the atmospheric environment (nitrogen vs. air). After heating the polystyrene-tin core-shell nanostructures at a temperature of 150 �C in the air, polystyrene particles were assembled and bonded by the tin solder layers, providing a simple and efficient way to form permanently-bonded integrated structures."

A clinical assessment of the efficacy of a stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice on dentinal hypersensitivity.

Scopus: "For all 12 teeth, the experimental group had statistically significantly (p<0.03) lower sensitivity scores versus the control group at week two and weeks two and four combined.

CONCLUSION: The experimental dentifrice demonstrated significant desensitizing advantages versus the control.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice provides an effective treatment for patients with dentinal hypersensitivity, significantly reducing sensitivity versus a negative control in this four-week trial."

Leoni expands solar portfolio with tinned flat wire

Leoni, a leading provider of cables and cable systems for the automotive sector and other industries, has complemented its range of successful products for the solar industry. The new product is a tinned flat copper wire that connects the individual cells and strings inside the photovoltaic modules. Leoni will present its new solar flat wire for the first time at the WIRE 2010 trade fair, which takes place in Düsseldorf this week. The Company's display will be on stand A40 in hall 11.

Leoni will present the solar industry with a high-quality solution for connecting cells and strings inside the modules. Based on experience of wire processing and refining copper products that dates back to the 16th century, Leoni offers a complete value chain from a single source from wire drawing through to the customized product. Tailored dimensions of the connectors and their adaptation to individual customer requirements as well as coating them with pure tin or tin solder alloys are options in all conceivable variations.

Leoni has been providing installation cables for photovoltaic plants as well as cables for wind turbines for some years already. With this newly developed wire connection, the Company has broadened its portfolio for renewable energy to include a product that boasts not only extremely accurate dimensions and a high quality of materials it also stands out with its durability and high degree of environmental compatibility. No fluxing agents or chemical substances whatsoever are used in the production of this flat wire.

The connector is absolutely burr-free and tinned all around, making it easy and quick to process further when soldering. In its core it consists of either electrolyte copper (Cu-ETP1) or oxygen-free copper (Cu-OF1); the wire thickness ranges from 0.08 to 0.40 millimeters and the wire widths range from 1.2 to 5.0 millimeters. The product is made exclusively at a certified production facility in Germany.

Rahamah Mahamad

Facebook: "Sek Men Temenggung Ibrahim Girls School ( TIGS) Batu pahat '74

ASSUNTA Secondary School, PJ, Selangor '74

Employer:University Technology MARA ( UiTM ) Shah Alam

Position:Associate Professor

Time Period:January 1987 - Present

Location:Shah Alam, Malaysia

Description:Comittee member for PLASTICS RUBBER INSTITUTE , Malaysia, ( PRIM) Profesional Body 2008-2010 and 2011 - 2012 . PRIM loosely aff with IOM3, UK

MEMBER of
- SPIE, Society of Instrumentaion and Electronics

- EMSM Electron Microscopy Malaysia ( EMSM)

- IMM ( Institute Materials Malaysia, since its early inception

- CERTIFIED Paint Inspector"

EPA and NHTSA Finalize Historic National Program to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Improve Fuel Economy for Cars and Trucks

US EPA: "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) are finalizing a joint rule to establish a national program consisting of new standards for model year 2012 through 2016 light-duty vehicles that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel economy. EPA is finalizing the first-ever national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions standards under the Clean Air Act, and NHTSA is finalizing Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act."

Chinese Chemicals Legislation - China REACH

element14"China published proposals for its equivalent to the EU REACH regulations in May 2009.

This aims to control the manufacture, import and use of chemicals and has similarities with
the EU REACH regulations.

Datasheet

Albemarle Announces Breakthrough in Flame Retardant Materials Technology

Earthwise:: "Specialty chemicals maker Albemarle Corporation (NYSE: ALB) today announced an important advance in flame retardant technology. Flame retardants used to enhance durable plastics in many consumer and commercial products, from textiles and electronics to airplane and automobile interiors, are vital tools for reducing the risk of fire death and injury for hundreds of millions of people while saving billions of dollars in property damage around the world.

“Our first fire safety solution under Albemarle’s new Earthwise brand, GreenArmor™, is due to be commercially available in late 2010. Earthwise GreenArmor is a unique, organic flame retardant suitable for use in a variety of plastic resins that will provide better performance across a wide range of applications, while improving the sustainability of the plastic resins used in many consumer products. GreenArmor is a result of multi-year investments in research and development and will set the new standard in developing innovative fire safety solutions that meet societal needs in an environmentally sound manner,” said Tony Parnell, vice president of polymer solutions."

Irradiated PVdF-HFP-tin oxide composite membranes for the applications of direct methanol fuel cells

Scopus: "Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoroproplyene)/tin oxide composite membranes were prepared for the direct methanol fuel cells applications. The interconnected pores of the PVdF-HFP membranes endorsed the higher poly(styrene sulfonic acid) grafting. The incorporation of tin oxide particles decreased the polymeric content volume which was available for the grafting reaction and reduced the grafting degree values. The obtained morphological and structural characterizations confirmed the polystyrene grafting and sulfonic acid functionalization of the fabricated membranes. The incorporated tin oxide particles promoted the thermal stability of the composite membranes via its ceramic filler property. Though the composite membranes exhibited lower grafting values, the structural, bonded, and physisorbed water molecules of the tin oxide particles governed the prompt ionic conductivity values even at higher temperature and lower humidity conditions"

The lower grafting and methanol resistive behavior of tin oxide particles distorted the fuel transportation channels and reduced the fuel permeability. By the combined efforts of high ions and lower molecular transportation, fuel cell efficiency was facilitated for the fabricated composite membranes and geared its potential applications in direct methanol fuel cells field.

Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of oil based Tin polymer

Scopus: "The antimicrobial activity of a newly prepared vegetable oil based organotin polymer by the condensation reaction between fattyamide diol (N, N1-bis 2 hydroxy ethyl castor oil fatty amide) and butyltin chloride dihydroxide has been studied against the bacterial species E. coli, S. typhi (Gram-negative), S. subtillis, S. aureus (Gram-positive) and three fungal strains (Candida albicans ATCC-10261, Candida glabrata ATCC-90030, Candida tropicalis ATCC-750). The antifouling property of this polymer has also been investigated. The conventional spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR have been used to establish the structure of the polymer. The physicochemical characteristics like acid value, hydroxyl value, saponification value, iodine value, specific gravity and viscosity were determined by standard laboratory methods. In addition the thermal stability was analysed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymer was found fairly active against the tested microbial species and showed antifouling property."

Liquid Tin Anode SOFC for direct fuel conversion - Impact of coal and JP-8 impurities

Scopus: "The Liquid Tin Anode solid oxide fuel cell (LTA-SOFC) has a demonstrated capability for direct fuel conversion using virtually any carbonaceous fuel. Two most notable applications under development are direct logistic fuel JP-8 conversion and direct coal (and biomass) conversion. For example a Gen 3.1 cell using logistic fuel only without fuel processing or reforming, has demonstrated specific power of 170 mW/cm2, at least 30 full thermal cycles and less than 7 minutes start up. Direct logistic fuel or coal conversion without fuel reforming/gasification/purification may also bring contaminants or impurities without fuel value in direct contact with fuel cell components."

The tin anode is a fluid and a non-structural cell component so it is tolerant of many impurities. However fuel contaminants dissolved in molten tin could have a critical impact on cell components such as the electrolyte that are in direct contact with the molten tin anode. Certain fuel (V, Mo, etc.) impurities had shown causing damage to fuel cell if they were in direct contact with cell components such as electrolyte. This paper will examine liquid tin (molten tin bath) as a potential media to attenuate/reduce/eliminate harmful coal contaminants, providing a mitigation strategy for reducing a key technical risk factor of direct coal conversion using a fuel cell.

Nanometer Graphene Makes Novel OLEDs Display

Physchem,.org: "Traditionally, indium tin oxide (ITO) is used in this type of devices. However, indium is rare, expensive and difficult to recycle. Scientists have been actively searching for an alternative candidate.

The next generation of optoelectronic devices requires transparent conductive electrodes to be lightweight, flexible, cheap, environmental attractive, and compatible with large-scale manufacturing methods. Graphene, single layer of graphite, is becoming a very promising candidate due to its unique electrical and optical properties in last two years. Very recently, Junbo Wu et al., researchers at Stanford University, successfully demonstrated the application of graphene in OLEDs for the first time.

Junbo Wu, leading researcher of the development, said that they achieved OLEDs on graphene with performance similar to a control device on conventional ITO transparent anodes, which is very exciting and promising for real-world application. ‘The current report by Wu et al. puts forward a strong case for graphene as a transparent conductor given its competitive performance, even with significantly high sheet resistance.’ said Chongwu Zhou, professor at University of Southern California in the Perspective of ACS Nano, 4(1), 2010."

Tin demand will grow by 8% in 2010

Metal Bulletin: "Tin demand will increase in 2010 on an improvement in global electronics goods sales, with government stimulus packages in China offering particular support, according to analysts from Societ Generale. “We expect tin demand to grow by 8-9% through 2010, supported by growth in the Chinese domestic..."

Tin–sulfur–lithium-ion battery as alternative to conventional lithium batteries

Nanowerk: "A common problem with notebook computers is that the battery delivers power for far too short a time, which only gets shorter as it gets older. If you don’t take great care with your rechargeable battery at all times, its life drains away quite fast. Improved batteries that deliver significantly more energy, last longer, and are safer are thus the subject of current research. Bruno Scrosati and Jusef Hassoun at the University of Rome have now developed a highly promising approach to a new variety of lithium-ion battery, which, as the researchers report in the journal Angewandte Chemie, may fulfill these criteria"

YTC Resources reports Tasmanian Tin JV to commence

Proactive Investors (AU): "YTC Resources (ASX: YTC) noted the announcement by Metals X Limited (ASX: MLX) of the commencement of an unincorporated Joint Venture with YT Parksong Australia Holding Pty Ltd (the Yunnan Tin Group Partners).

Yunnan Tin Group Partners have acquired an initial 50% interest in MLX’s Tasmanian Tin Operations.

Both MLX and the Yunnan Tin Partners hold a 50% interest in the Joint Venture. The Tasmanian Tin Operations include the world class Renison tin and base metals mine.

MLX and the Yunnan Tin Group Partners have established a jointly owned operating company, Bluestone Mines Tasmania Joint Venture Pty Ltd to manage the operations for and on behalf of the Joint Venture parties."

DBTO catalyst for recycling PET

Factiva: "'There is a growing keen interest aimed at recycling post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, wastes for both environmental and economic reasons. In this study ethanolamine (EA) has been investigated for aminolytic degradation of PET waste in the presence of dibutyl tin oxide (DBTO) as a catalyst.'

'The process proceeds at 190 degrees C and under atmospheric pressure. The yield of white precipitate was subject to spectroscopic measurements (FT-IR, NMR, XRD and MS), to thermal analyses (DSC, DTA and TG) and to chemical testing (elemental analysis and solubility characterization). Based on the data reached from various examinations, the product formed is identified as bis (2-hydroxyethylene) terephthalamide (BHETA) which could be consider a source for differing polyurethanes,' wrote M.E. Tawfik and colleagues.

The researchers concluded: 'These kinds of materials have potential for many applications such as adhesives and coatings.'

Tawfik and colleagues published their study in Polymer Degradation and Stability (Chemical recycling of poly(Ethylene terephthalate) waste using ethanolamine. Sorting of the end products. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2010;95(2):187-194).

For additional information, contact M.E. Tawfik, Natl Res Center, Polymer & Pigment Department, Cairo, Egypt."

Hubei Benxing Developed New Technology to Make Methyl Tin Mercaptide

Factiva: "Recently China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association identified the new technology of making coordinated methyl tin mercaptide, which was developed by Hubei Benxing Chemical Co., Ltd.

Traditional methyl tin mercaptide is a mixture of two compounds that jointly guarantee the stability of polyvinyl chloride resin in processing. No chemical link exists between the two compounds, so the mixture has not taken a coordinated effect in the processing of polyvinyl chloride.

The invention of Hubei Benxing helped to set up a chemical bond between the two compounds. Moreover, the researchers developed special application technology for the coordinated methyl tin mercaptide. In 2009 the company sold around 5 000 tons of coordinated methyl tin mercaptide.

The company has six traditional methyl tin mercaptide production lines and four 2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate production units, with the annual capacity of 10 000 t/a and 7 000 t/a, respectively."

China: Chifeng to become a metal centre.

Factiva: "China's metal producers have begun exploring for non-ferrous metals in the northwest of the country, where the city of Chifeng is becoming a centre for such raw materials. It is thought there are extensive reserves of base and precious metals, eg, 3 M tonnes of copper, 15 M tonnes of lead, 20 M tonnes of zinc, 300,000 tonnes of tungsten, 2.5 M tonnes of tin, 3 M tonnes of molybdenum, 3 M tonnes of silver, and 200,000 tonnes of gold, with a value of $29.3 bn at current prices."

Proof Positive Copper

Steel Guru : Proof Positive Copper is grand winner at GSU 2010 MAX awards: "The Marketing Roundtable of Georgia State University voted Southwire Company’s Proof Positive Copper with Trace ID Technology the Grand Winner for the 18th Annual Marketing Awards for Excellence announced recently. The MAX Awards, presented by GSU’s Robinson College of Business Department of Marketing and the Atlanta Business Chronicle, honor eight outstanding product innovations developed or launched by Georgia companies in 2009."

Southwire Company’s Proof Positive Copper with Trace ID Technology is an identifiable and traceable bare copper product designed to provide proof of ownership to utilities and recyclers struggling with copper stolen from substations and warehouses.

Mr Carol Godfrey VP of Southwire’s Energy Division said that “In talking with our customers, we determined that the traceability of stolen copper to prove ownership is the key element needed for prosecution. We designed the entire product to meet the needs of utilities, recyclers and prosecutors.”

Proof Positive Copper also provides long term theft deterrence through its recognizable outer stranding. Visual identification is important to alerting recyclers to track what has likely been stolen. As word of the prosecution-friendly product makes it way to thieves, it deters them as well.

During initial testing at a Georgia Power substation in Atlanta in early 2009, the copper was actually stolen. Within 2 weeks, the thieves tried to recycle it. Employees at Schnitzer Southeast, the recycler were able to identify the product, confirm the rightful utility owner and notify law enforcement.

Mr Godfrey stated that just 3 weeks after the installation of Proof Positive Copper, 3 thieves were in jail awaiting trial on felony charges. Georgia Power even reported a drop in theft for a period following the arrests. You can’t ask for better success than that.

Mr Philip Peacock security investigations supervisor said that “We at Georgia Power were certainly pleased with the results from the initial tests of Southwire’s new copper wire. We believe this can be a good asset for us and we look forward to other opportunities to partner with Southwire in the future.”

Southwire website

Global Tin Market to Reach 516.9 Thousand Metric Tons by 2012

Hao Odlna.: "Asia-Pacific represents the largest as well as the fastest growing tin market in the world, as stated by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Tin sales in Asia-Pacific are projected to exceed 254 thousand metric tons by the year 2010. Among end-use segments, solders represent the largest and the fastest market for tin, projected to register a CAGR of over 7.6% over the period 2001-2010. In Europe, demand for tin in tinplate production is estimated at 25.2 thousand metric tons for 2008"

Heraeus sets up R&D center in Taiwan

EMSNow: "Germany-based Heraeus on March 9 announced the establishment of an R&D center in northern Taiwan at an initial investment of NT$60 million (US$1.88 million) to provide materials and technical service for Taiwan-based crystalline silicon solar cell makers and the company plans to set up a factory for PV (photovoltaic) silver paste in Taiwan in 2012, according to the company's PV Business Unit manager Andy London.

Heraeus is currently the second largest global producer of PV silver paste, a material crucial to the energy conversion of solar cells, and expects to increase its global market share from 25% at the end of 2009 to over 40% at the end of 2010, London indicated.

Heraeus has manufacturing facilities for PV silver paste in Germany, the US and China, and plans to set up a fourth one in Taiwan in view of the increasing global market share of Taiwan-based solar cell makers, London pointed out."

Tinned Wire to increase

Nexans: Tri-wire is operating its own Tinning Line again

10 March 2010. (Nexans Tri-Wire News Update)

Five years after the de-installation of the old tinning line, Tri-wire in Normanton is operating it's own Tinning Plant again.

After almost 5 months, the team of operators, engineers and external contractors have managed to install a Niehoff machine which was previously in operation in the Nexans Plant in Sweden (Grimsas).

A Steel protected structure with a special coating has been designed to enable the access to all parts of the machine. Leakages in the tank can be detected and repaired.

Additionally a special tinning line Coiler has been completely overhauled machanically and electronically. This will enable Tri-wire to deliver in steel stators as well as in one way cardboard boxes.

Next step is the installation of take-up facilities for reels in order to meet customer specific needs.

The main target is to improve the flexibility of Tri-wire as the only remaining dedicated copper wire manufacturer in the UK and Ireland.

The market for tinned products is facing a strong increase related to high temperature cable applications i.e. automotive and solar energy.

------------------------------------------

Richard York, Sales/Product Manager, TriWire

01924 223744

33 people, 22 years

Copper rod, drawing down

Wire and cable

10,000 tpa copper

1,500 tinned

Finished wire from Nexams - emphasis 18 months plant from Scandinavia - 2H09 refurbished - up and running

Automotive - cabling - tinned wire - better conductivity, more cohesive more compatible with certain types of insulation esp rubber - significant swing towards tinned wire - coating weight - tinned wire 6-6.5 um used to be but automotive drawn to 0.1 8-8.5 um

Not restricted by size - tin

Solder balls - flat on one side, cage - electroplated - hot dipped - more duller finish skim

£11,000 per tonne

Factory in Germany - Noinberg in Bavaria.. Nexans used to be L&K... significant

Nexans - huge, largest in world - ex-Pirelli close behind. Tinned wire - UK.

Solar cells - one wire - using on continent Ireland but wire flatten and part of the panel - fine beautiful tin alloy

Dusseldorf - 12th April - Wire 2010 exhibition - 2 years

www.nexans.co.uk/triwire

EU substitution of chemical substances at work place

Gaia "The EU project “Analysis and evaluation of the practical implementation of the principle of substitution of hazardous chemicals in the workplace by less hazardous chemicals or associated processes for the purpose of protecting the health & safety of workers” is funded by the Employment, Social Affairs and Equal opportunities DG."

The project focuses on practical matters of substitution of hazardous chemicals in the workplace. A practical guidance document will be developed providing methodology for how to carry out effective and targeted substitution, including examples of successful substitution in practice.

New lithium-ion batteries could last 20 years

Electronista: "Researchers at Japan's Eamex have discovered a technique that could dramatically extend the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. The new approach keeps the tin inside the battery intact for much longer despite the strain caused by charging and recharging. By absorbing much of the stress through a new alloy in the tin-coated resin, the tin and the electrode structure are more stable and could last for as long as 20 years."

The figure is based on an assumption of about 10,000 complete recharges, or about 10 times more use many batteries today, including those for notebooks. Apple estimates that a MacBook or MacBook Pro battery can withstand about 1,000 cycles over about 5 years of constant use. Regular notebook batteries are estimated to last about 300 cycles.

Eamex plans to ship a battery with about 10,000W of power per kilogram (4,545W per pound) by the end of 2010 and expects the most use to come for vehicles like electric cars and scooters, where the need for a long-lasting battery is the most important. Such technology can scale down to smaller devices, however, and should be useful for storing energy from a home's solar power and could reach portable devices like notebooks. [via CrunchGear]

Niobium tin magnet could improve large hadron collider's efficiency

Factiva: "A quadrupole superconducting magnet, designed for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), has been tested by the Large Hadron Collider Accelerator Research Programme (LARP).

The programme comprises researchers from:

* the Brookhaven National Laboratory of Upton, New York, USA;

* the Fermi National Laboratory of Batavia, Illinois, USA;

* the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory of Berkley, California, USA; and

* the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory of Menlo Park, California, USA.

The magnet is 4 m long, with a 90 mm aperture, and it is made of niobium tin. It possesses a gradient, or rate of increase in field strength, of 200 [T.m.sup.-1] and creates a magnetic field strong enough to focus intense proton beams in the interaction areas of the LHC. The magnet's ability to withstand quenches--sudden transitions to normal conductivity that result in increased heat--is also good."

Bronze Age wreck yields ancient trade secrets

Sunday Telegraph: "It is the first time tin ingots from this period have ever been found in Britain, a discovery which may support theories that the metal was being mined in southwestern England at this time. If the tin was not produced in Britain, it is likely it would have come from the Iberian Peninsula or from eastern Germany.

The wreck was found in between eight and 10 metres of water in a bay near Salcombe, south Devon, by a team of amateur marine archaeologists from the South West Maritime Archaeological Group. In total, 295 artifacts have so far been recovered, weighing a total of more than 84 kilograms."

One-dimensional modeling of a liquid tin anode solid oxide fuel cell

Scopus: "The integration of electronics into modern warfare has seen the creation of a niche market for portable power generators that run on military logistic fuel (JP-8). The 2 stage chemical/electrochemical reaction of the fuel on the anode side of the Liquid Tin Anode (LTA)-SOFC allows a range of carbonaceous fuels to be directly utilized at high efficiencies. However, the LTA-SOFC technology currently has a peak power density of 120mW cm-2 on JP-8. A better understanding of the anode side kinetics, thermodynamic, and transport properties would allow further optimization of this technology. A physics-based model of the LTA-SOFC was built. The model was initially developed for simple fuel before incorporation of heavy hydrocarbon fuels. This paper reports on the modeling efforts to date."

Recovery of tin and copper by recycling of printed circuit boards from obsolete computers

Scopus: "This paper presents the experimental results for the leaching of printed circuit boards (PCB) from obsolete computers for extracting and recovering tin and copper by means of leaching followed by precipitation. Printed circuit boards were dismantled, cut into small pieces, and fed into a cylinder mill. The powder obtained was leached by using the aqueous solutions 2.18N H 2SO4, 2.18N H2SO4 3.0N HCl, 3.0N HCl, and 3.0N HCl 1.0N HNO3. The lowest values for the percentage of metal extraction were obtained with 2.18N H2SO4 (2.7% for Sn and lower than 0.01% for Cu), while the 3.0N HCl 1.0N HNO3 leach system exhibited an extraction of 98% for Sn and 93% for Cu. Precipitates were obtained at different pH values by neutralizing the leach liquors using NaOH. The 3.0N HCl 1.0N HNO3 leach system presented the highest recovery values from the powder feed (84.1% for Sn and 31.9% for Cu), as well as from the leach liquor (85.8% for Sn and 34.3% for Cu)."

Platinum/tin oxide/carbon cathode catalyst for high temperature PEM fuel cell

Scopus: "The performance of high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) using platinum supported over tin oxide and Vulcan carbon (Pt/SnOx/C) as cathode catalyst was evaluated at 160-200 C and compared with Pt/C. This paper reports first time the Pt/SnOx/C preparation, fuel cell performance, and durability test up to 200 h. Pt/SnOx/C of varying SnO compositions were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX and EIS. The face-centered cubic structure of nanosized Pt becomes evident from XRD data"

The race to replace tin-doped indium oxide: Which material will win?

Scopus: "The search for materials that can replace tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) as the leading transparent conductive electrode (TCE) has intensified significantly in the past few years, motivated by the ever-increasing price of indium. Materials such as carbon nanotube (CNT) films, graphene films, metal nanowire gratings, and random networks have been at the forefront of research in this direction. A paper by Wu et al. in this issue discusses the use of solution-processed graphene as the TCE in organic light-emitting devices. Advantages such as large-scale fabrication at relatively less expense, compatibility with flexible substrates, and improving performance have significantly contributed to their case as potential candidates for TCEs. Demonstrations of various display and photovoltaic devices using TCEs made of these materials, with performances rivaling those employing ITO, have provided the research community with encouragement to explore new materials and to address the associated scientific and technological challenges"

Tin dioxide/carbon nanotube composites with high uniform SnO2 loading as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Scopus: "SnO2/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were prepared by the solvothermal method and subsequent heat treatment at 360 C. The samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results on the higher SnO2 content composite sample indicate that a uniform layer of SnO2 nanocrystals with crystal size around 5 nm was deposited on the surface of the carbon nanotubes. The composite demonstrates a reversible lithium storage capacity of 709.9 mAh g-1 at the first cycle and excellent cyclic retention up to 100 cycles as anode for lithium ion batteries"

Melting properties of tin nanoparticles by molecular dynamics simulation

Scopus: "Molecular dynamics calculations have been performed to study the melting properties of tin (Sn) nanoparticles with different number of atoms. The modified analytic embedded atom method (MAEAM) interatomic potentials are used to describe the interaction between Sn atoms. The temperature dependent of atomic diffusion in nanoparticles and the heat of fusion as a function of reciprocal of nanoparticle diameter have obtained. The structural properties such as radial distribution functions and static structure factors have computed at different temperatures. Both particle size dependent melting temperature and latent heat of fusion have been determined. It has been shown that the melting point of tin nanoparticles depends nonlinearly on the particle radius. Dynamical properties of tin nanoparticles such as the diffusion coefficient (D), mean square displacement (MSD) and velocity autocorrelation function (VACF) have also calculated"

Sn-based composite materials as negative electrode for Li-ion accumulators

Factiva: "A comparative study of two Sn-based composite materials as negative electrode for Li-ion accumulators is presented. The former SnB0.6P0.4O2.9 obtained by in-situ dispersion of SnO in an oxide matrix is shown to be an amorphous tin composite oxide (ATCO).'

'The latter Sn-0.72[BPO4](0.28) obtained by ex-situ dispersion of Sri in a borophosphate matrix consists of Sri particles embedded in a crystalline BPO4 matrix. The electrochemical responses of ATCO and Sn-0.72.[BPO4](0.28) composite in galvanostatic mode show reversible capacities of about 450 and 530 mAhg(-1), respectively, with different irreversible capacities (60% and 29%). Analysis of these composite materials by Sn-119 Mossbauer spectroscopy in transmission (TMS) and emission (CEMS) modes confirms that ATCO is an amorphous Sn-II composite oxide and shows that in the case of Sn-0.72[BPO4](0.28), the Surface of the tin clusters is mainly formed by Sn-II in an amorphous interface whereas the bulk of the clusters is mainly formed by Sn-0. The determination of the recoilless free fractions f (Lamb-Mossbauer factors) leads to the effective fraction of both Sn-0 and Sn-II species in such composites. The influence of chemical composition and especially of the surface-to-bulk tin species ratio oil the electrochemical behaviour has been analysed for several Sn-x[BPO4](1-x) composite materials (0.17 < x< 0.91),' wrote D.E. Conte and colleagues, University of Montpellier."

IBM Sets World Record by Creating High-Efficiency Solar Cell Made from Earth-Abundant Materials

Factiva: "IBM (NYSE:IBM) announced it has built a solar cell -- where the key layer that absorbs most of the light for conversion into electricity, is made entirely of readily-available elements -- that set a new world record for efficiency and holds potential for enabling solar cell technology to produce more energy at a lower cost. Comprised of copper (Cu), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), sulfur (S), and/or selenium (Se), the cell's power conversion demonstrates an efficiency of 9.6 percent -- 40 percent higher than the value previously attained for this set of materials. In order to achieve progress in solar cell research, IBM is leveraging its world-class expertise in microprocessor technology, materials and manufacturing."

"In a given hour, more energy from sunlight strikes the earth than the entire planet consumes in a year, but solar cells currently contribute less than 0.1 percent of electricity supply -- primarily as a result of cost," said Dr. David Mitzi, who leads the team at IBM Research that developed the solar cell. "The quest to develop a solar technology that can compare on a cost per watt basis with the conventional electricity generation, and also offer the ability to deploy at the terawatt level, has become a major challenge that our research is moving us closer to overcoming."

The IBM researchers describe their achievement of the thin-film photovoltaic technology in a paper published in Advanced Materials this week, highlighting the solar cell's potential to accomplish the goal of producing low-cost energy that can be used widely and commercially.

The solar cell development also sets itself apart from its predecessors as it was created using a combination of solution and nanoparticle-based approaches, rather than the popular, but expensive vacuum-based technique. The production change is expected to enable much lower fabrication costs, as it is consistent with high-throughput and high materials utilization based deposition techniques including printing, dip and spray coating and slit casting.

Currently available thin film solar cell modules based upon compound semiconductors operate at 9 to 11 percent efficiency levels, and are primarily made from two costly compounds -- copper indium gallium selenide or cadmium telluride. Attempts to create affordable, earth abundant solar cells from related compounds that are free of indium, gallium or cadmium have not exceeded 6.7 percent, compared to IBM's new 9.6 efficiency rating.

Over the past several years, IBM researchers have pioneered several breakthroughs related to creating inexpensive, efficient solar cells. IBM does not plan to manufacture solar technologies, but is open to partnering with solar cell manufacturers to demonstrate the technology.

For additional insight regarding the announcement, visit: http://asmarterplanet.com/

Lithium polyacrylate as a binder for tin-cobalt-carbon negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries

Scopus: "A lithium polyacrylate (Li-PAA) binder has been developed by 3M Company that is useful with electrodes comprising alloy anode materials. This binder was used to prepare electrodes made with Sn30Co30C40 material prepared by mechanical attrition. The electrochemical performance of electrodes using Li-PAA binder was characterized and compared to those using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binders. The Sn30Co30C40 electrodes using Li-PAA and CMC binders show much smaller irreversible capacity than the ones using PVDF binder. Poor capacity retention is observed when PVDF binder is used. By contrast, the electrodes using Li-PAA binder show excellent capacity retention for Sn30Co30C40 materials and a specific capacity of 450 mAh/g is achieved for at least 100 cycles. The results suggest that Li-PAA is a promising binder for electrodes made from large-volume change alloy materials"

Electrochemical performance of a tin electrodeposit with a multi-layered structure for Li-ion batteries

Scopus: "The electrochemical performance of a tin electrode synthesized on copper foil by electrodeposition in a pyrophosphate-based bath is examined by modifying its morphology via controlling the cathodic current density. As this current density increases, the morphology of the tin electrodeposit changes from a smooth and compact structure to a microscopically multi-layered structure with open spaces between adjacent layers.

The porosity of the multi-layered tin electrode is more than 60% of its volume. The cycle performance and coulombic efficiency of the multi-layered tin electrode are higher than those of the smooth tin electrode, primarily due to the buffering effects of the open spaces between the layers against the volume expansion of the tin anode during cycling"

EIU's quarterly tin outlook

Factiva: "A year ago, world demand for tin was in freefall following the deepest downturn in the world economy since the 1930s. The Economist Intelligence Unit provisionally estimates that world tin consumption fell by more than 9% to a five-year low of 316,200 tonnes in 2009. Demand was already recovering in the second half of the year and we expect global tin consumption to rise by about 6% in 2010, supported by some recovery in consumer spending and industrial investment, which should be positive for solder demand (the main end-use) in the electronics production. This recovery is expected to accelerate in 2011, although world tin consumption is still likely to run below the 2007 peak."

Japan, US and China to become largest PV markets, says Neo Solar

EMSNow: "As Germany will reduce feed-in tariffs for domestic PV system installations while Japan has resumed subsidies, Japan stands a good chance of surpassing Germany to become the world's largest PV market, and will then the leading status may shift to the US and then China, according to Quincy Lin, chairman of Taiwan-based crystalline silicon solar cell maker Neo Solar Power.

PV installation demand in Germany will grow steadily the reduction in subsidization, but demand in Japan is expected to increase rapidly from about 500MWp in 2009 to 1GWp in 2011, Lin pointed out"

German Inventors Develop Amalgam Spheres for Energy-Saving Lamps

Factiva: "Ptaschek Georg and Di Vincenzo Calogero of Umicore AG & Co KG, Wolfgang, Germany have developed amalgam spheres for energy-saving lamps and the manufacture thereof.

According to the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks 'Energy-saving lamps contain a gas filling of mercury vapour and argon in a gas discharge bulb. Amalgam spheres are used for filling the gas discharge bulb with mercury. A tin amalgam having a high proportion by weight of mercury in the range from 30 to 70% by weight is proposed. Owing to the high mercury content, the amalgam spheres have liquid amalgam phases on the surface. Coating of the spheres with a tin or tin alloy powder converts the liquid amalgam phases on the surface into a solid amalgam having a high tin content. This prevents conglutination of the amalgam spheres during storage and processing'.

Name of Applicant: Umicore AG & Co KG

Name of Inventor: Ptaschek Georg and Di Vincenzo Calogero

Application No: 3534/KOLNP/2009 A

Date of filing of Application: 09/10/2009

Publication Date: 22/01/2010"

Patent details

Architectural coatings are becoming more sustainable and lowering costs.

Factiva: "The architectural coatings industry is launching sustainable products as producers try to distinguish themselves from competitors in a fast-growing market. The global market is estimated at $80 bn (EUR 55 bn), which is divided between consumer and construction trade paints. New products that are being touted for their sustainability include AkzoNobel's Freshair line, which is claimed to be the first paint to provide a zero-VOC tinting programme.

In the field of raw materials, Dow Chemical is offering its new Ropaque polymer that allow paint manufacturers to reduce the tin dioxide content of their products"

Dowa Mining patent on Tin-C composite coatings

Factiva: "There is provided a tin-plated product which has a small deterioration of contact resistance with age, an excellent wear resistance and a low coefficient of friction. A coating of a composite material, which contains 0.1 to 1.0 wt % of carbon particles dispersed in a tin layer and which has a thickness of 0.5 to 10.0 ?m, preferably 1.0 to 5.0 ?m, is formed as the outermost layer of a substrate"

Chemtura Corporation - Tin Stabilizers

Chemtura Corporation: "ChemturaVinyl Additives offers a broad line of MARK tin (organotin) stabilizers including butyl tin, octyl tin and methyl tin mercaptides, and butyl tin carboxylate and octyl tin maleate heat stabilizers for use in rigid, flexible and plasitcized PVC. Heat stabilizers meeting FDA food contact regulations are included in the line. Organo tin stabilizers provide protection during calendering, extrusion and injection molding of rigid PVC. Further tin stabilizers provide good initial color, and good long term heat stability."

Nokia Unveils 'Tin Can and String' Network

The Enduring Vision: "Taking a cue from the success of Motorola's '2-Way', a 'walkie-talkie for the 21st century', competitor Nokia has announced its immediate release of a hip throwback to childhood: 'Tin Can and String'. Nokia hopes to move the network outside its test area of Waucoma, Iowa, to the rest of the nation by the end of the year.

Though that goal may seem ambitious given the product's youth, Nokia spokesman Ulrich Thornton seemed confident the company could meet the date, especially given the device's 'impressive functions'."

Preparation of tin nanocomposite as anode material by molten salts method and its appli

Scopus: "Ananocomposite material (SnO2-Co3O4) has been synthesized as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries by the molten salt method. Characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the composite has a small particle size.

The electrochemical performance was examined, including the charge-discharge and cycling properties. The experimental results showed that the sample containing the highest amount of Co3O4 compound exhibited a specific capacity of 355 mAh g-1 after 40 cycles, with cycling at 70mA g -1 (35.2% higher than for the sample containing a lower amount of Co3O4).

It seems that increasing the amount of Co 3O4 can give good capacity retention and high specific capacity."

Codeposition of copper and tin from acid sulphate solutions containing polyether sintanol DS-10 and benz

Scopus: "Cu(II) and Sn(II) reduction in acid sulphate solutions containing polyether laprol DS-10 and benzaldehyde (BA) was studied by means of impedance, voltammetric, XPS and XRD techniques. Both additives demonstrate weak surface activity on copper substrate in Cu(II) solutions in the absence of halide impurities. In contrast, their effect is overwhelmingly higher in the Sn|Sn(II) system. The additives induce a significant increase in Sn-electrode impedance and simultaneous strong inhibition of Sn(II) reduction over a wide range of cathodic polarizations."

Scopus - Natural occurring substances as corrosion inhibitors for tin in sodium bicarbonate solutions

Scopus: "The inhibitive action of the aqueous extract of lawsonia, licorice root and carob toward the corrosion of tin electrode in 0.1 M NaHCO3 solutions was investigated using galvanostatic polarization measurements.

It was found that the corrosion rate decreases in the presence of these extracts indicating the inhibiting of these compounds. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing extract concentration. The inhibition action of these extracts was explained in view of adsorption of its compounds onto the tin surface, making a barrier to mass and charge transfer. The adsorption of these extracts on the tin surface was found to be a spontaneous process and follow Freundlich adsorption isotherm. It is also found that these extracts provide a good protection to tin against pitting corrosion in chloride containing solution using potentiodynamic anodic polarization technique."

Protection of Electroplating tin from acidic sulfate baths containing benzaldehyde

Scopus: "Voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used in studying the kinetics of electroplating tin from 0.01 M Sn(II) baths containing 1 M H2SO4 and millimolar benzaldehyde (BA) additives. BA substantially decreases the reduction rate of Sn(II) in a broad range of cathodic polarization. Experimental EIS data are analyzed in terms of an equivalent Rω(Qdl[RaCaW a][RctQd]) circuit, including a Faraday process impedance ([RctQd] subcircuit), as well as diffusion and kinetic stages of BA adsorption ([RaCaWa] subcircuit). Values of the subcircuit elements are found to depend on the duration of a contact between the electrode and solution and on the BA concentration. An increase in the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and a simultaneous decrease in the double layer capacitance (Qdl) indicate that the electrochemical reduction of Sn(II) is inhibited by the BA adsorption. With an increase in the cathodic polarization, the effect becomes more pronounced, which is manifested in the low current densities and negative impedance values."

Tourmaline of the Mramorny tin cluster, Chukotka peninsula, Russia

Scopus: "Porphyry-related deposits are the fourth type of tin deposits in importance after pegmatite, greisen and granite-related hydrothermal veins. We have studied tourmalines and associated minerals from the several porphyry-tin occurrences related to rhyolite dikes in the Mramorny tin cluster, located in Chukotka, the second large tin province in Russia after the Far East province. Two types of tourmaline were identified in the occurrences of the Mramorny tin cluster: (1) early pre-ore tourmaline, and (2) ore-stage tourmaline, which is associated with chamosite. The early-stage tourmaline can be classed as an intermediate member of the schorl-foitite and 'oxy-schorl' - 'oxy-foitite' series. Its compositions are characterized by their values of X-site vacancy and Fetot/(Fetot Mg) ranging from 0.147 to 0.665 apfu and from 0.85 to 1.00, respectively. The ratio Fe 3 /Fetot in the tourmaline is about 19-25%. The ore-stage tourmaline is characterized by a more complex composition distinguished by lower values of X-site vacancy and Fetot/(Fetot Mg), ranging from 0.018 to 0.437 apfu and from 0.49 to 0.75,"

Effect of tin on the corrosion behavior of low-alloy steel in an acid chloride solution

Scopus: "This study examined the effect of Sn addition ranging from 0 to 0.1 wt.% on the electrochemical properties of low-alloy steel using electrochemical techniques in an acid chloride solution and surface analysis techniques.

The potentiodynamic test showed the active corrosion behavior of all specimens and the corrosion rate decreased with increasing Sn addition. EIS showed that the Sn-containing steels had higher rust layer resistance. These results confirmed that the interaction of Sn with Cu and Sb improves the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steel due to the formation of the continuous tin oxide, copper oxide and antimony oxide layer."

Effect of pH value on electrochemical property of tin compounds loaded graphite anodes for Li-ion battery ap

Scopus: "A chemical solution method was adopted to prepare Sn compounds loaded graphite anodes with various pH values. When the pH value was 6, multi-phase of Sn compounds were deposited on slices of graphite.

The multi-phase compound which contained Sn6O4(OH)4, SnO2, Sn3(PO4)2, and graphite were expected to provide a higher ratio of spectator/Sn for improved cyclability. These phases could be reduced to metallic Sn generating buffer matrix during 1st cycle. The sample pH 6 exhibited the best electrochemical property among all. During cycling between 0.001 and 1.5 V, the 1st charge capacity was around 758 mAh g-1. Even after 50 cycles, the capacity remained higher than 460 mAh g-1.

It was demonstrated that multi-phase of Sn compounds loaded graphite anode of sample pH 6 exhibited a better cycling performance than the commercial graphite"

Influence of alkali ion doping on the electrochemical performances of tin-based composite materials

Scopus: "In this paper, we report an investigation of three tin-based composite materials as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Theses composites were synthesized by solid state reaction from dispersion of micrometric tin into BPO4, Li-doped BPO4 (LiBPO) and Na-substituted BPO4 (NaBPO) matrix, respectively. We have investigated more particularly the influence of the two alkaline ions (Li , Na ) introduced into the matrix on electrochemical performances. The morphology of powders was observed by SEM and the composition studied by EDX analysis. The conductivity measurements showed that the modified BPO4 matrixes (Li or Na) exhibit improved conductivity (σRT = 2 10-11 S cm-1 for NaBPO). A focus of our interest was to relate the nature and structural composition of the composite interface between active tin and inactive matrix to the irreversible capacity in this type of composite materials.

The electrochemical analysis shows a decrease of the irreversible capacity for the composite based on modified matrixes (around 150 and 190 mAh g-1 for SnNaBPO and SnLiBPO, respectively) with respect to the reference composite SnBPO (245 mAh g-1)"

Halogen-free materials with improved thermal and electrical properties

Scopus: "The purpose of this paper is to present a latest update on halogen-free base materials that are lead-free compatible and have enhanced electrical properties.

Design/methodology/approach - Numerous halogen-free flame retardants are screened in laboratory conditions for a wide arrange of properties. Once suitable candidates are found, they are compounded and processed into copper-clad laminates and a wide variety of properties are tested.

Findings - Several formulations are found that are lead-free compatible and that has enhanced electrical properties. Surprisingly, some thermal properties are found to be superior to traditionally halogenated laminates.

Research limitations/implications - The research here only presents the halogen-free properties of a bare, unpopulated printed wiring board with no build up of inner layers and devoid of solder mask. Further work needs to be done on full circuit assemblies to properly evaluate the impact of removing halogens from interconnecting packages. Originality/value - The paper details the material property differences between various halogen-free materials as compared to halogenated materials. A method to model composite properties is also discussed"

Generation of tin (II) oxide crystals on lead-free solder joints in deionized water

Scopus: "The effect of the anode and cathode on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of lead-free Sn-Ag-Cu and Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi solder joints in deionized water was investigated. Corrosion studies revealed that SnO crystals were generated on all Sn-based solder joints.

The alloy elements, such as Ag, Cu and Bi, acting as the anodes, did not affect the corrosion reaction significantly. It was necessary for the reaction to occur with Au or Cu, or other metals as the cathode, whose material variety did not affect the reaction. But corrosion reaction rate was decreased with the decreasing cathode area. The results analysis indicated that the formation mechanism of SnO crystal was primary cell reaction essentially.

The anodic reaction of tin in solder joints occurred through water molecules solvation to form the hydrated cation. The cathodic reaction process was that oxygen dissolved in deionized water captures electrons and is deoxidized to hydroxyl. Anodic reaction products Sn2 and cathodic reaction products OH- met to form Sn(OH)2 by diffusion. Some Sn(OH)2 would dehydrate to form more steady SnOxH2O crystals and deposit on the solder joints."

Old ’silver’ dental fillings not as toxic as previously thought

taragana.com: "Old ’silver’ dental fillings, also called amalgams, may not be as toxic as many people fear, according to a new study.


The study that examined the surface chemistry of silver-coloured, mercury-based dental fillings suggests that the surface forms of mercury may be less toxic than previously thought.

In the study, Graham George and colleagues note that mercury-based fillings have been used by dentists to repair teeth for well-over a century.

In recent decades their use has become controversial because of concerns about exposure to potentially toxic mercury.

However, mercury can potentially exist in several different chemical forms, each with a different toxicity."

Boss of Indonesian tin supplier is optimistic on 2010 outlook

Factiva: "President director of PT TIMAH TBK, Wachid Usman, said on Friday he was optimistic he could regain the Indonesian company`s position as the world`s biggest tin supplier. 'I am optimistic that PT Timah will be as it was in 2007 with an income of Rp9,542.3 trillion (US$1.01 trillion) and a net profit of Rp1,784.5 trillion,' he said marking the end of the year.

* He said that in 2008 PT Timah`s income dropped from Rp9,542.3 trillion to Rp9.053 trillion and its net profit from Rp1,784.5 trillion to Rp1,342.3 trillion.

* 'In 2009 it is predicted its income will drop further judging from the world tin price which had dropped to US$13,000 per ton from US$18,000 per ton,' he said."

Did soup kill ill-fated Franklin crew?

TheSpec.com: "The solder, as expected, was composed mostly of lead, and though the soup is believed to have been left behind by a crew searching for Franklin, it would be virtually identical to the provisions that the explorer and his men consumed, Lister said.

The soup was removed from the can in 1988 and frozen to keep it from breaking down, though a small sample is now being analyzed at McMaster as well.

Scientists want to know how much solder could have leached into soup and other foods and poisoned the explorers by the time they consumed it.

Among other possible sources of lead poisoning are the water systems aboard Franklin’s ships and pewter plates and cups.

About 15 years ago, McMaster researchers analyzed bones from Franklin’s crew members and discovered unprecedented concentrations of lead, explained medical physicist David Chettle, who worked on the project and is involved in testing the soup and can.

“The highest levels there were higher than I’ve ever seen in a living person,” said Chettle, who has studied thousands of patients, including industrial workers known to have been exposed to high doses of lead."